Ap calculus ab formula sheet pdf

Essential formulas for the AP Calculus AB exam Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.

Ap calculus ab formula sheet pdf. Definition: A function is continuous at a point c if. R(")e: 0;Re/;0, meaning the function has a value at *=" i.e. when you plug c in the function it returns a value. lim R(*) ;*e:j: e.;,lim +→3%R(*)= +→3&R(*) lim , meaning the limit +→3 exists at x=c (i.e. the two sided limits are equal) lim R(*)=R("), meaning the value of the function ...

AP Calc AB Notes Ch 2 5 | P a g e The Squeeze Theorem (read this on your own) If two functions squeeze together at a particular point, then any function trapped between them will get squeezed to that same point. The Squeeze Theorem deals with limit values, rather than function values. The Squeeze Theorem is sometimes called the Sandwich Theorem or the Pinch Theorem.

1) Reciprocal Identities. 2) Quotient Identities. 3) Pythagorean Identities. 4) Even/Odd Identities. 5) Double-Angle Formulas. While the other identities and formulas in the chart are good to know, they will not be essential to your success in our course. Trigonometric Identities and Formulas. Assignments.AP Calculus AB - Worksheet 21 Limit Definition of the Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem Find the derivative of the function using the limit process. Remember: The derivative is a new function, so it requires new notation; Example: ' or or ' dy f x y dx 1 gx 5 2 3 3 2 h x x Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at the given point.AP Calculus – Final Review Sheet When you see the words …. This is what you think of doing 1. Find the zeros 2. Find equation of the line tangent to f x b at a, 3. Find equation of the line normal to at 4. Show that is even 5. Show that is odd 6. Find the interval where is increasing 7. Find interval where the slope of is increasingSource: adapted from notes by Nancy Stephenson, presented by Joe Milliet at TCU AP Calculus Institute, July 2005 AP Calculus Formula List Math by Mr. Mueller Page 1 of 6 AP CALCULUS FORMULA LIST 1 Definition of e: lim 1 n n e →∞ n = + _____ 0AP Biology Course and Exam Description. This is the core document for this course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and the AP Program in general. The CED was updated in the summer of 2020 to include scoring guidelines for the example questions. PDF.AP Calculus: l'H ˆopital's Rule. Very early in this course we encountered a fundamental " namely the limit. indeterminate form,". What makes this limit interesting is that both numerator and denominator tend to zero in the limit, making impossible a naive computation of the limiting ratio. Indeed, most in-teresting limits—such as ...1. AP Overview 2. AP Courses 3. AP Exams 4. AP Scores 5. AP Credits 6. AP Credit Policy 7. AP Biology Credit Policy 8. AP Biology Exam 9. AP Biology Practice Tests 10. AP Calculus AB Credit Policy 11. AP Calculus AB Exam 12. AP Calculus AB Formula Sheet 13. AP Calculus AB Practice Tests 14. AP Calculus BC Credit Policy 15. AP Calculus BC Exam 16. AP Calculus BC Formula Sheet 17.

dx 2. On the axes provided, sketch a slope field for the given differential equation. Let f be the function that satisfies the given differential equation. Write an equation for the. tangent line to the curve y = f ( x ) through the point (1, 1). Then use your tangent line equation to estimate the value of f ( 1.2 ) .Scoring notes: The first point is earned for a definite integral, with or without 1 1 1 or 3. 4 −. A response that presents a definite integral with incorrect limits but a correct integrand earns the first point. Presentation of the numerical value 9.875795 is not required to earn the second point.AP Calculus AB Name: _____ Section 4.1 – Applications (Position, Velocity & Acceleration) Worksheet Date: _____ Block: ____ Solve each of the following applications. 1. The position equation of the movement of a particle is given by st ( 1)23 where s is measured in feet and t is measured in seconds. Find the acceleration at 2 seconds.Welcome to AP Calculus! Welcome to AP Calculus! This site contains a lot of information I used with students when I taught AP Calculus. The syllabus I used for AP Calculus can be accessed by clicking on the following link: AP Calculus Syllabus. Feel free to use whatever you think may help you, or teach your students. If you have any questions ...1000+ Exam-Like Questions. Realistic problems mimic the style and difficulty of the AP Calculus AB exam. Organized in the same way as the AP Calculus AB course, so you learn as you go, all year long. Prepares you to excel on quizzes, unit tests, and the AP exam.

• The exact value of ( ) 150 0 1 150 ∫ g t dt is 12 25sin . 125 16 • A response may present the average value formula in single or multiple steps. For example, the following response earns both points: ( )The AP Statistics Formula Sheet and Tables includes formulas and probability tables that you will need to solve both the multiple-choice and free-response questions on the exam. The formulas cover all units of the course curriculum except Unit 3 (Collecting Data), which does not require formulas.Scoring notes: The use of the average value formula, indicating that a = 1 and b = 5, can be presented in single or multiple steps to earn the first point. For example, the following response earns both points: ∫5 A(t ) dt = 1502.147865 , so the average value is 375.536966. FRV T VLQ T . WDQ T VHF T. FRW T FVF T. Title. Microsoft Word - Cheat Sheet for 2020. Author. kstewart. Created Date. 4/27/2020 9:59:44 AM.

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Free Response Section AB & BC. 6 Questions in 1 hour and 30 minutes. 2 Questions - calculator required. 4 Questions - calculator not permitted (for paper and pencil exam) Worth 50% of your score. AP Calculus Cheat Sheet PDF & Review Chart. Use this review chart to help you study all of the concepts and important equations for the AP Calculus AB ...This guide is a comprehensive overview of the material covered in AP AB/BC Calculus classes. The contents were specifically geared towards the 2020 AP Exam, however, the material works wonderfully as a supplement in the following years.AP Units 1-8 and 10 are covered with summarized formulas, colorful graphs, detailed examples, and a friendly mascot to keep motivation up!AP Calculus AB Formulas & Justifications. When finding a one-sided limit at a vertical asymptote, the answer is either ±∞. f ( c ) is defined. lim f ( x ) exists. f ( c ) = lim f ( x ) f '( a ) = lim (Alternate form for a derivative at a given value.) The derivative of an inverse function is the reciprocal of the derivative of the original ...AP Calculus-AB worksheets by topics Fu n c t i o n s , L i mi t s , & Co n t i n u i t y D i f f e re n t i a t i o n 1. I n te re s t i n g G ra p h s - A few equations to graph that have interesting (and hidden) features. pdf 2. Fu n c t i o n s - Properties of functions and the Rule of Four (equations, tables, graphs, and words).To calculate a flat-pattern sheet metal layout, obtain the Bend Allowance with the following formula: Angle multiplied by Pi divided by 180 multiplied by the sum of the Radius and ...

Instructions. Section I of this exam contains 45 multiple-choice questions and 4 survey questions. For Part A, fill in only the circles for numbers 1 through 28 on page 2 of the answer sheet. For Part B, fill in only the circles for numbers 76 through 92 on page 3 of the answer sheet. The survey questions are numbers 93 through 96.The AP Calculus AB exam in 2022 will be held on Monday, May 9, at 8 am. Before you sit down to take the exam, though, it's critical that you know how the Calculus AB test is formatted, what topics it covers, and how you'll be scored on it. This guide will go over all of that information while also showing you official sample problems and giving ...For example, 1b on both AB and BC 2021 asked for a Riemann sum and required a sum of four products for the first point. Common MCQs In developing our product, we've found a number of different question types that appear frequently on the exam.Calculus AB Exam Weighting: 10-12%. Calculus BC Exam Weighting: 4-7%. Limits introduce the subtle distinction between evaluating a function at a point and considering what value the function is approaching, if anything, as x approaches a point. Unit 2: Differentiation: Definition and Fundamental Properties.AP Calculus AB Course Study Guide Limits and Continuity From Simple Studies, https://simplestudies.edublogs.org & @simplestudies4 on Instagram What is a limit and how to find it: Limit: If f(x) becomes close to a unique number L as x approaches c from either side, then the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.36. 2012 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. AP Exam Instructions. the calculator to remove exam questions and/or answers from the room may result in the cancellation of AP Exam scores. The AP Calculus AB Exam and the AP Calculus BC Exam should be administered simultaneously.AP Calculus AB - Worksheet 63 Volumes - Rotation and Cross-Sectional Area 1 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by yx and the lines y 2 and x 0 about: a) the x-axis b) the y-axis c) the line d) the line x 4 2. a) Find the AREA of R. b) Find, but do not evaluate, an integral expression that can be used to find the volume of the solidAP Calculus BC Course Content. The course content is organized into ten commonly taught units, which have been arranged in the following suggested, logical sequence: Unit 1: Limits and Continuity. Unit 2: Differentiation: Definition and Fundamental Properties. Unit 3: Differentiation: Composite, Implicit, and Inverse Functions.Last week we asked you to share your favorite PDF reader and then we rounded up the results and put it to a vote. Now we're back to share the results. Last week we asked you to sha...

Directions: Solve each of the following problems, using available space for scratchwork. After examining the form of the choices, decide which is the best of the choices given and fill corresponding oval on the answer sheet. No credit will be given for anything written in the test book.

Course Overview Acellus AP Calculus AB provides students with an understanding of the advanced concepts covered in the first semester of a college Calculus course. Students gain an understanding of differential and integral Calculus and how they are used to solve real-world problems. Besides learning how to use the basic tools of Calculus, students completing this course learn on a deeper ...AP® Calculus AB/BC 2021 Scoring Guidelines . Part A (AB or BC): Graphing calculator required Question 1 9 points . General Scoring Notes . Answers (numeric or algebraic) need not be simplified. Answers given as a decimal approximation should be correct to three places after the decimal point. Within each individual free-response question, at ...AP® Calculus AB/BC 2021 Scoring Guidelines . Part A (AB or BC): Graphing calculator required Question 1 9 points . General Scoring Notes . Answers (numeric or algebraic) need not be simplified. Answers given as a decimal approximation should be correct to three places after the decimal point. Within each individual free-response question, at ...In today’s fast-paced business world, time is of the essence. One tool that has revolutionized the way we handle data and calculations is Microsoft Excel. With its powerful feature...Title: Calculus_Cheat_Sheet_All Author: ptdaw Created Date: 11/2/2022 7:20:00 AM[PDF] AB Calculus Formulas & Justifications - 1 - AP Calculus AB Formulas & Justifications 1 Limits at Infinity: To find lim ( ) x f x →±∞ think Top Heavy ⇒limit is ±∞ Bottom Heavy ⇒limit is 0 Equal ⇒limit is ratio of coefficients 2 Limits with Infinity (at vertical asymptotes): When finding a one-sided limit at a vertical asymptote,Textbooks: MyMathsCloud is the best place for you to get your maths materials from. I offer a range of worksheets by topic , notes, past papers, practice papers and textbooks downloadable to any device from wherever you are!Does anyone have a cheat sheet w the formulas of ap calc ab to prepare for the exam? Related Topics Calculus Mathematics Formal science Science comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment. UWorldMath • Additional comment actions. Here's our post from a week or so ago with tips and whatnot, including a list of formulas ...Visit our APR Calculus AB Formula and Equation Sheet to learn additionally memorize all who formulas easily. Skip to content. ... AP® Calculus AB AP® Calculus BC AP® Statistics. AP® Science. AP® Biology AP® Chemistry AP® Environmental Science AP® Physics 1 About Exams Menu Toggle.

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AP Calculus AB Formula Sheet PDF. TI-Nspire Easy To Understand Calculator Guide PDF. Maths Revision and Resources For All Maths Courses. What are you waiting for? …We're enclosing a rectangular field with 500 ft of fence material and one side of the field is a building. Determine dimensions that will maximize the enclosed area. Maximize A = xy subject to constraint of. x + 2 y = 500 . Solve constraint for x and plug into area. ( = - ) A y 500 2 y. = 500 - 2 y Þ = 500 y - 2 y. 2.AP CALCULUS AB STUDY SHEET. M ar 13. A P Calculus AB Study Sheet. 2 of 4. 4 . D. ERIVATIVES. For all of the following, x. is considered to be the independent variable, n. ... To use this formula, f(x) must be greater than . g(x) over the entire interval. Likewise, everything could be done in terms of . y: For all real numbers . a. and . b.AP Calculus AB Cram Sheet. Definition of the Derivative Function: . f ' (x) = limh 0. ccccccccccccccccf+x h/ccccccccccccccc f+x/ h. Definition of Derivative at a Point: f ' (a) = limh 0. ccccccccccccccccf+a h/ cccccccccccccf+a/ h. (note: the first definition results in a function, the second definition results in a number.36. 2012 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. AP Exam Instructions. the calculator to remove exam questions and/or answers from the room may result in the cancellation of AP Exam scores. The AP Calculus AB Exam and the AP Calculus BC Exam should be administered simultaneously.Calculus Videos. Bruce lights up each proof. Interactive Examples. Use Mathematica to explore new concepts. Data Downloads. Download data sets in spreadsheet form. Rotatable Graphs. View and rotate 3D graphs. Math Graphs. Print your own worksheets. Previous Next. Calculus Videos. Interactive Examples. Rotatable Graphs. Data Downloads.AP Classroom is a free and flexible online platform that provides i nstructional resources for each AP course to support student learning of all course content and skills. AP Classroom r esources, including AP Daily videos, help your students learn and practice all year.. Learn about all instructional resources in AP Classroom. Learn more about AP Daily videos and their features.AP Calculus AB - Worksheet 6 Introduction to Calculus 1 Consider the function f x x2 and the point P 1,1 on the graph of f. (a) Graph f and label point P. (b) Estimate the slope of the curve at point P1,1 . Draw the secant line through the two points that were used. (c) Describe how to obtain a better estimation for the slope at P1,1 ….

1. According to the model, 270 people enter the line for the escalator during the time interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 300. 300. t = 300 is 80. = 414.286 (or 414.285) seconds. The number of people in line is a minimum at time t = 33.013 seconds, when there are 4 people in line.1. AP Overview 2. AP Courses 3. AP Exams 4. AP Scores 5. AP Credits 6. AP Credit Policy 7. AP Biology Credit Policy 8. AP Biology Exam 9. AP Biology Practice Tests 10. AP Calculus AB Credit Policy 11. AP Calculus AB Exam 12. AP Calculus AB Formula Sheet 13. AP Calculus AB Practice Tests 14. AP Calculus BC Credit Policy 15. AP Calculus BC Exam 16. AP Calculus BC Formula Sheet 17.4 The integrand is a rational function, so we use the method of partial fractions. The denominator factors to. ( x − 2 ) , so the partial fraction decomposition takes the form. + = B 4. − ( − . This lets us determine. x 2 x x 2 ) ( A + B ) …2020 AP Chemistry Exam Resources - Equations and Constants\r\n Keywords: 2020 AP Chemistry Exam Resources ; Equations and Constants and Periodic Table; teacher resources; course resources; exam resources; course information; exam information; exam practice; exam preparation Created Date: 4/12/2019 6:42:11 AMthe relationship F ′ (x) = f(x), or the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for f continuous. In Exercise 5, they discover that when f is increasing, the graph of F(x) is concave up, and when f is decreasing, the graph of F(x) is concave down, providing further evidence for the relationship F ′′ = f ′ or F ′ = f .Formula Sheet For Ap Calculus Ab Barron's AP Calculus David Bock 2017-07-24 Barron's AP Calculus is aligned with the current exam curriculum and provides comprehensive review and practice exams for both AP Calculus AB and BC. This edition includes: Three practice exams for Calculus AB and three for Calculus BC, all modified to reflectA washer is like a disk but with a center hole cut out. The formula for the volume of a washer requires both an inner radius r1 and outer radius r2. We'll need to know the volume formula for a single washer. V = π ( r22 - r12) h = π ( f ( x) 2 - g ( x) 2) dx. As before, the exact volume formula arises from taking the limit as the number ...Integration Review for AP Calculus AB/BC Exam This review contains all the definitions and rules with examples. Riemann’s Sum Left-hand Right-hand Midpoint Very simplified formula for Riemann’s Sum: A = [ (h 1 + h 2 + … + h n)] Where ∆𝑥 the width of the rectangles and h 1 is the height of the rectangles. The h would change Ap calculus ab formula sheet pdf, AP Calculus AB/BC Formula and Concept Cheat Sheet. Limit of a Continuous Function. If f(x) is a continuous function for all real numbers, then lim 𝑥→𝑐. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) Limits of Rational Functions. A., We appraise goods more highly when their positive attributes are emphasized, even if the details are the same. Just the other day I found myself in the waiting room of an automotiv..., • The exact value of ( ) 150 0 1 150 ∫ g t dt is 12 25sin . 125 16 • A response may present the average value formula in single or multiple steps. For example, the following response earns both points: ( ) , Rolle’s Theorem is MVT where f(b) = f(a) EVT PROBLEMS Write “Since f(x) is continuous on (a,b), by the EVT, there exists at least one local maximum and one local minimum on (a,b). Critical Points: Where f’(x) = 0 or undefined. Local Extrema: Point that is greater/less than surrounding points, always at critical points or endpoints., A washer is like a disk but with a center hole cut out. The formula for the volume of a washer requires both an inner radius r1 and outer radius r2. We’ll need to know the volume formula for a single washer. V = π ( r22 – r12) h = π ( f ( x) 2 – g ( x) 2) dx. As before, the exact volume formula arises from taking the limit as the number ..., The straight-line depreciation formula is to divide the depreciable cost of the asset by the asset’s useful life. Accounting | How To Download our FREE Guide Your Privacy is import..., AP CALCULUS AB REVIEW SHEET LIMITS sin LIMITS LAWS lim ... Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1 If ( ) is continuous on [a, b] and 𝐹( ) is the anti-derivative of ( ), then, AP Calculus AB Formula Sheet PDF. TI-Nspire Easy To Understand Calculator Guide PDF. Maths Revision and Resources For All Maths Courses. What are you waiting for? …, Big Idea 1: Limits. The idea of limits is essential for discovering and developing important ideas, definitions, formulas, and theorems in calculus. EU 1.1: The concept of a limit can be used to understand the behavior of functions. EU 1.2: Continuity is a key property of functions that is defined using limits., A freelancer for The New York Times, her work has also appeared in Newsweek, Dazed and Confused Magazine, and The Guardian, among others. In addition, Joanna was the recipient of the 2021 PEN America Emerging Voices Fellowship in Fiction and is currently completing her first novel. AP Calc AB Score Calculator - Use our AP Calculus AB calculator ..., AP Calculus - Riemann Sums Worksheet Name: A Graphing Calculator is allowed for these problems. For problem #1 and #2, fill in the table of four subdivisions to find the definite integral using the: (a) Left-hand Sum, (b) Right-hand Sum, (c) Trapezoid Rule, (d) Calculator's MATH 9 function, and then, Page 1. A.P. Calculus Formulas . 1. floor function (def) Greatest integer that is less than or equal to x. 2. x. (graph) . 3. ceiling function (def) Least integer that is greater than or equal to x. 4. x. (graph) . 5. a3b. b. a b. gc. a2ab bh. 6. ab33. b. a b. gc. a2ab bh. Page 2. 7. f x x ( ) 1. (graph) ., Each one directs you to complete a specific type of response. Here are the task verbs you'll see on the exam: Approximate: Use rounded decimal values or other estimates in calculations, which require writing an expression to show work. Calculate/Write an expression: Write an appropriate expression or equation to answer a question., next three semesters of calculus we will not go into the details of how this should be done. 1.2. A reason to believe in p 2. The Pythagorean theorem says that the hy-potenuse of a right triangle with sides 1 and 1 must be a line segment of length p 2. In middle or high school you learned something similar to the following geometric construction, 3 the definition u = 4 - x 2 is correct and earned the second point. The response has the correct answer and earned the dy c ( 4 - 2 x 2 ) third point. In part (b) the response earned the first point for stating = = 0 . The answer is correct, dx 4 - x2. and the response earned the second point., AP Calculus AB - Worksheet 63 Volumes – Rotation and Cross-Sectional Area 1 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by yx and the lines y 2 and x 0 about: a) the x-axis b) the y-axis c) the line d) the line x 4 2. a) Find the AREA of R. b) Find, but do not evaluate, an integral expression that can be used to find the volume of …, changes from positive. to negative or negative to positive. Motion definitions and Equations. b. 6. Displacement: A Vector quantity that. 7. Distance: A scalar quantity that. s t., AB Calculus Name_____ ©F q2Q0p1j4 c 2K zu ftBad JS jo 2f Ut4wMaTrHe4 PLgLcCn.G p rA Yl8lx Nr8iCg6h 1tQsc erNe1sPeGrOvde Zd E.P Product Rule and Chain Rule Practice Differentiate each function with respect to x. 1) y = 4x5(4x4 − 2) 2) y = −2x5(2x2 − 3) 3) f (x) = (−x3 − 1)(−x ..., The few days right before the AP Calc exam, I noticed several of the students had out their formula study guide, and were using it to memorize all of the essential formulas, theorems and concepts. A few students even paired up, using the study guide to quiz each other. And on the morning of the AP Calc BC exam, when my students walked into my ..., This PDF review packet from the College Board includes 16 AP Calculus AB multiple choice questions. All of this material is based on the revised calculus curriculum. Course Description. The official course description includes quite few practice questions as well. There are multiple choice along with free response questions., AP_Calculus_AB_Formula_Sheet_-_Google_Docs (1) - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document contains summaries of key calculus concepts across several topics: - …, The curriculum for AP Calculus AB is equivalent to that of a first-semester college calculus course, while AP Calculus BC is equivalent to a first-semester college calculus course and the subsequent single-variable calculus course. Calculus BC is an extension of Calculus AB rather than an enhancement; common topics require a similar depth of ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like d/dx (xⁿ), d/dx (f•g) (Product Rule), d/dx [f(x)/g(x)] (Quotient Rule) and more., The limit as x approaches c of f (x) exists. 3. The limit as x approaches c of f (x) = f (c) Volume of a Sphere. V = 4/3 pi r^3. Surface Area of a Sphere. S = 4 pi r^2. Intermediate Value Theorem. If f (x) is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and k is any number between f (a) and f (b), then there is at least one number c in [a,b] such that ..., AP Central, AP_Calculus_AB_Formula_Sheet_-_Google_Docs (1) - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document contains summaries of key calculus concepts across several topics: - Limits, including limits of composite functions, L'Hopital's rule, and limits of piecewise functions - Derivatives, covering basic rules, derivatives of functions, chain rule, product rule ..., Corrections to AP Calculus AB/BC as of September, 2019. The items listed below have been corrected in the online version of the CED. Teachers can print out the individual pages in order to update their printed CED binders. Instances of Mathematical Practice 2.B incorrectly included the word "symbolic."., Ap Calculus Ab Formula Sheet Pdf Single Variable Calculus Soo Tang Tan 2020-02 Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra Stephen Boyd 2018-06-07 A groundbreaking introduction to vectors, matrices, and least squares for engineering applications, offering a wealth of practical examples. ... Amsco's AP Calculus AB/BC Maxine Lifshitz 2003-10-13 To ..., A helpful cheat sheet plus rating chart such will summarize everything you need to perceive for your AP Calculus exam. ... AP Calculus AB/BC. Study Tools. Download AP Concretion Cheat Metal PDF Crowd Chart., Title: Calculus_Cheat_Sheet_All Author: ptdaw Created Date: 12/9/2022 7:12:41 AM, The AP Calculus BC formula sheet that we provide below is exactly what it sounds like: a list of all the important formulas and theorems you need to know for the exam. It is meant to be a study aid to help you memorize key AP Calculus BC equations and to save you time on the exam. The AP Calculus BC formula sheet, however, is not a substitute ..., Ap Calculus Formula Sheet Precalculus Formula Sheet Jonathan Tullis 2017-07-08 Free math and physics resources via JonathanTullis.com My formula sheets and crash ... Kaplan AP Calculus AB & BC 2016 Tamara Lefcourt Ruby 2015-08-04 The only Advanced Placement test preparation guide that delivers 75 years, AP® Calculus AB Exam SECTION I: Multiple-Choice Questions DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Instructions Section I of this examination contains 45 multiple-choice questions. Fill in only the ovals for numbers 1 through 45 on your answer sheet. CALCULATORS MAY NOT BE USED IN THIS PART OF THE EXAMINATION.