High suction pressure and low head pressure

• High suction pressure/Up-thrust: Patent pending dual bearing arrangement that handles rotor up-thrust and to keep the shaft ... High-Head/Low Flow Services • Capacities 20 GPM (6.8m3/hr) to 2,800 GPM (636 m3/hr) • Heads to 4500 feet (1372 meter)*

I just wanted to pick every ones brain i could. I am working on trane condensor and have high head pressure and low suction pressure. It was 90+ out today and I dumped r-22 into the system and no matter what I did I could not get the suction line to sweat and the superheat never dropped below about 20 degrees. my head pressure was around 285 ...Try our Net positive suction head calculator or: In your reservoir, get fluid surface pressure: P surface. Get the distance between the pump and liquid surface: Z. If the tank is above the pump, multiply this value by -1. Obtain the vapor pressure for the system's temperature: P vapor. Also, its density is ρ. Note that g represents gravity.High discharge temperatures can indicate minimal movement of refrigerant. Because the refrigerant isn't being pumped at design rates it stays in the condenser for a longer period of time and is cooled more, hence lower head pressures, and in turn, if the compressor is not pumping well, you will see elevated suction pressures. Reply.Are you confused about all the different blood pressure readings? You aren’t alone. Read this quick guide to learn more about the difference between systolic and diastolic, what no...If it is a restriction, it will have high subcooling. Low Outdoor Ambient. When a cooling system is operated during low outdoor temperatures, the condensing temperature and head pressure will drop. If the head pressure drops low enough, the suction pressure will also drop, resulting in freezing.units are pressure units, not head units. For simplicity, I’ll stick with NPSH, regardless of the units used. Suction Pressure: The First Half of the NPSH Equation Suction pressure must be determined at the pump suction nozzle when the pump is running. If suction pressure is measured with a gauge, the atmospheric pressure (at the pump location)

By contacting an HVAC technician, you can get your AC system’s suction pressure back to normal levels. If you are experiencing a problem with your air conditioning or heating call us at 512-336-1431 to schedule an appointment. We’ll be glad to come out and take a look at the issue. 1431-183 A/C & Heating proudly serves Round Rock ...management system. Unless the suction pressure requires readjustment, the ONLY reduction in compression ratio (ratio of absolute discharge pressure/absolute suction pressure) will come from lowering the head pressure. In this case, lowering the condensing temperature to 80ºF (175 psig) will yield a significantly lower compression ratio (10.35 ...An R-22 evaporator running at 40F saturation temperature will have a corresponding pressure of 68.5 psig. Should the suction pressure drop below 57 psig, the coil temperature will drop below 32F causing moisture in the air to freeze on it (see Figure 4) causing no end of trouble. A R-410A evaporator running below 100 psig will freeze-up …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The air entering a walk-in refrigerator air cooled condenser is 90°. What should the condensing temperature be?, The air entering a walk-in freezer air cooled condenser is 90°. What should the condensing temperature be?, The water temperature leaving a water cooled condenser is 100°. What does that indicate the condensing ... A bad check valve on an air conditioner, heat pump or similar HVACR equipment can show up as abnormally low or abnormally high suction line pressures, or as abnormally low or high superheat. Experts suggest using an IR heat gun or similar tempeature measuring tool to check the tempeature of the refrigerant line on each side of the valve. Hi, I just put a new compressor on a gas pack. I charged it to the correct amount of refrigerant o the name tag. My ambient temp. is 100 degrees and the unit running with a high high side pressure a high suction pressure and high superheat and sub cooling. The indoor temp is 87 degrees. i was told that the high indoor temp is why my …Cause #1 Return Duct Leakage:. The suction pressure can be high if the room temp is high, or the return duct has leaks. Cause #2 TXV Improperly feeding: Cause#3 Outdoor/Indoor coil dirty: low airflow situations can cause refrigerant to not completely condense into a liquid, or turn into a gas Cause #4 Unit is Overcharged: One of the most commonly overlooked situations, if you are overcharged ...Are you confused about all the different blood pressure readings? You aren’t alone. Read this quick guide to learn more about the difference between systolic and diastolic, what no...

I arrive to find a loud compressor, 200 psi suction and 275 head. First thing that comes to mind is bad valves. A few minutes later the compressor cuts off on internal overload. I take a hose and cool it off. 10 min later, compressor kicks back on and pressures now seem normal (130/325) 13 subcool , 19 delta t.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In a 2-ton capillary tube system, the unit does not develop full capacity. Heat pressure is low and suction pressure is high. What is the problem?, In a 2-ton capillary tube system, the unit does not develop full capacity. Head pressure is high, suction pressure is high, and there is no superheat. What is the problem?, Will the ...OPERATING PRESSURE POINTS “Systems using R-410A operate at higher pressures [than R-22],” points out the Field Diagnostics team. “For example, to produce an evaporating temperature of 40 degrees F and a condensing temperature of 115 degrees, the suction and head pressures would be 83 psia and 257 psia in an R-22 system, while they would be 133 and 406 psia, respectively, in an R-410A ...NPSH margins of 2 m, 2.5 m or 3 m have widely been accepted for small/medium pumps or low-/medium-energy pumps. For high-energy pumps, higher factors and margins should be used. For example, for some high-pressure and high-energy pumps NPSHa = 1.5 × NPSHr + 3 m might be used. Difficulties & Challenges …

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The high side guage was connected to the liquid line. Static, both guages are 160 psig. When the unit ran, BOTH guages dropped to about 130. The high side was perhaps 2-5 higher. The amp draw at the compressor was 8.6 RLA out of a 22.1 suggest maximum on the equipment sticker.If you have high blood pressure or heart, liver, or kidney problems, your health care provider may suggest you lower your sodium intake. Look for these words on labels: low-sodium,...1. Check Refrigerant Pressures. Hook-up refrigerant gauges to the pressure ports on the unit. Blue --> "True Suction" Low Pressure. Red --> High Pressure (Small liquid line) Allow the unit to run for 5-10 minutes. Monitor pressures as the system operates. Normal R-22 Suction Pressure = 60 - 80psig. 2.Table 1: R134a Saturation Properties pressure table (Reference: www.chemours.com) Back to the problem at hand. For any refrigeration cycle/AC unit there are two operating pressures: suction pressure and discharging pressure, high and low settings for each pressure line determined by the manufacturer will stop the unit.Often the heavy-duty equipment is needed high discharge pressure and low suction pressure. Because of low pressure at the suction side of the pump, fluid lifts from a certain depth, whereas because of high pressure at the discharge side of the pump, it pushes the fluid to lift, until it reaches the desired height. Types of Pumps

A bad check valve on an air conditioner, heat pump or similar HVACR equipment can show up as abnormally low or abnormally high suction line pressures, or as abnormally low or high superheat. Experts suggest using an IR heat gun or similar tempeature measuring tool to check the tempeature of the refrigerant line on each side of the valve. Pressure gauges provide readings of the condensing and suction pressures, allowing technicians to monitor and adjust the head pressure as needed. B. Measuring Head Pressure in Refrigeration Systems To measure head pressure in refrigeration systems, technicians connect pressure gauges to the service ports on the high and …To diagnose a bad TXV, look for: Low evaporator pressure. High evaporator and compressor superheats. Low compressor amp draw. Short cycling on the low-pressure control. Higher than normal discharge temperatures. Low condensing pressure. Low condenser split. Normal to high condenser subcooling.Many car audio stereo receivers on the market feature an integrated and user-adjustable crossover system, designed to route certain sound frequency ranges to specific speakers conn...problems. Fluid flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Pumps operate by creating low pressure at the inlet which allows the liquid to be pushed into the pump by atmospheric or head pressure (pressure due to the liquid’s surface being above the centerline of the pump). Consider placing a pump at the top of the mercuryBlog. Pressure Points: Understanding the Importance of Head Pressure in HVAC. December 20, 2023by J & J Services. Table of ContentsToggle. Causes of High Head Pressure. Importance of Proper Head Pressure. Measuring Head and Suction Pressure. Maintaining the Right Head Pressure. Advanced Head Pressure Control Techniques. Conclusion.The compressor is still cooling, but not to its rated capacity, which can cause refrigerated products to spoil faster and frozen products to begin to thaw. There are three main reasons why a compressor will simultaneously have a low head pressure and a high suction pressure: 1. Bad (leaky) compressor valves; 2. Worn compressor rings; and.System Information R22 2.5 ton: Low Side: 115. High Side: 240. Return Air: 83. Suction Line Temp: 75. Measured Super heat: 5. Super heat should be around 15. Low superheat is an indication that liquid refrigerant not changing state in the evaporator and is possibly flooding back to the compressor.are serviceable by a manufacturer-approved repair facility will lead to compressor inefficiency may cause high suction pressure and low head pressure Correct! All of the above. A suction line may also contain a ____. ... If a condenser has high head pressure and a higher than normal temperature, a technician could ____. ...

A dirty evaporator in an air conditioning system will cause what symptoms? Low Suction and Low Head Pressure (discharge) Technician "A" says that a compressor should pull 24" Hg during a vacuum test with 100 psig discharge pressure. Technician "B" says that a compressor should pull 26" hg to 28" Hg when discharging to the atmosphere.

33 posts · Joined 2011. #7 · Jul 4, 2011. " high head, low suction". 310 isn't high, unless the outdoor temp is 70F which probably isn't the case. Typical condensing temps for 13 SEER cooling equipment is 15-20 degrees above outdoor temp. The saturated temp for 310psi is right at 99F.1. Even though this is not the cause of high suction, Clean The Evaporator, because it needs to be clean. If it's dirty, it causes LOW suction pressure, and causes inexperienced techs to overcharge a system. 2. Just for kicks, and for a learning experience, check the system vitals, and record the pressures, water temp entering and leaving the ...An over-charged system will cause efficiency problems and can cause component damage, but the most obvious sign of an over-charge in heating mode, is that it will trip on high head pressure. Jeff Rosenblum. Technical Support. 16 Years Industry Experience. Cell (330) 962-2491.management system. Unless the suction pressure requires readjustment, the ONLY reduction in compression ratio (ratio of absolute discharge pressure/absolute suction pressure) will come from lowering the head pressure. In this case, lowering the condensing temperature to 80ºF (175 psig) will yield a significantly lower compression ratio (10.35 ...If the system suction pressure on a fixed metering device type unit is too high; the potential causes are; C. Flooded Evaporator Coil, High Evaporator Head Load, Dirty Condenser Coils, Compressor Valve Failures. TXV system problems can exhibit the five following symptoms: a. Normal suction pressure & superheat, with low or high …This article series explains the causes of high head pressure at an air conditioner or heat pump compressor motor? This article lists twelve causes of high …Low amp draw. Short cycle on low-pressure control (LPC). High Discharge Temperature Somewhat high discharge temperatures are caused from the higher superheats from the evaporator being starved of refrigerant. The compressor is now seeing a lot of sensible heat coming from the evaporator and suction line, along with its heat of …Lennox Learning Solutions teaches you what causes high head pressure on a heat pump in the heating mode.There is several factors that can cause hight pressur...

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Peal. 3 posts · Joined 2009. #46 · Jul 12, 2009 (Edited) I think bwalley is correct. 3 things will cause high head pressure; poor air flow across condenser, overcharge, or non condensable in system. Recover charge, check system for leaks, pull vacuum, and weigh in new charge.Low amp draw. Short cycle on low-pressure control (LPC). High Discharge Temperature Somewhat high discharge temperatures are caused from the higher superheats from the evaporator being starved of refrigerant. The compressor is now seeing a lot of sensible heat coming from the evaporator and suction line, along with its heat of …problems. Fluid flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Pumps operate by creating low pressure at the inlet which allows the liquid to be pushed into the pump by atmospheric or head pressure (pressure due to the liquid’s surface being above the centerline of the pump). Consider placing a pump at the top of the mercuryHigh suction pressure is a phenomenon in which the refrigerant-carrying suction line of an AC system exceeds the pounds per square (PSI) for which it’s …It is possible to ensure that cavitation is avoided during pump operation by monitoring the net positive suction head of the pump. Net positive suction head for a pump is the difference between the suction pressure and the saturation pressure of the fluid being pumped. NPSH is used to measure how close a fluid is to saturated conditions ...This low head pressure and higher-than-normal evaporator pressures will decrease the compression ratio of the compressor, causing high volumetric efficiencies. This will increase the pumping rate of the compressor, and a balance may be reached if the compressor can keep up with the high refrigerant flow in the evaporator.To diagnose a bad TXV, look for: Low evaporator pressure. High evaporator and compressor superheats. Low compressor amp draw. Short cycling on the low-pressure control. Higher than normal discharge temperatures. Low condensing pressure. Low condenser split. Normal to high condenser subcooling.I will be sharing a pressure chart that may help you troubleshoot low pressure symptoms, high pressure symptoms. As well as other potential problems you may run into when trying to get your r410a or r22 systems to normal operating pressures. ... Outside air temp 95. Running for an hour, suction 120, head pressure between 315-350. Fluctuates ...The children who would most benefit from quality early education are also the ones who tend to miss school the most. But there's a silver lining. Head Start, the childcare program ...Peal. 3 posts · Joined 2009. #46 · Jul 12, 2009 (Edited) I think bwalley is correct. 3 things will cause high head pressure; poor air flow across condenser, overcharge, or non condensable in system. Recover charge, check system for leaks, pull vacuum, and weigh in new charge.We will first examine the low-pressure side of the system, otherwise known as the vapor or suction line. During air conditioning mode, the pressure on the vapor line of an R-410A system will be somewhere between 102 to 145 PSIG. If the system had R-22, the vapor pressure would be between 58 to 85 PSIG but these pressures will be dependent on ...Flashcards Study Guide 29 | Quizlet. In a 2-ton capillary tube system, the unit does not develop full capacity. Heat pressure is low and suction pressure is high. What is the problem? Click the card to flip. BLANK. Quizlet has study tools to help you learn anything. Improve your grades and reach your goals with flashcards, practice tests and ... ….

This will cause the following symptoms: Low evaporator (suction) pressure; High evaporator and compressor superheats; Low compressor amp draw; Short …Net Positive Suction Head or NPSH for pumps can be defined as the difference between the suction pressure and the saturation pressure of the fluid, expressed in terms of height of liquid column. …Description: HHL-Flomax (High Head Low Flow) "HR" high pressure self-priming centrifugal pumps meet USCG specifications for auxiliary fire control. The high suction centerline and impeller design eliminates premature priming loss while ensuring consistent priming Discharge Size: 1.5 inch; Maximum Discharge Flow: 108 to 180 GPM; Power …It is possible to ensure that cavitation is avoided during pump operation by monitoring the net positive suction head of the pump. Net positive suction head for a pump is the difference between the suction pressure and the saturation pressure of the fluid being pumped. NPSH is used to measure how close a fluid is to saturated conditions ...Step 1. Scale in a geothermal heat pump's fluid system results in an overall increase in fluid temperature high head pressure in the cooling mode and low suction pressure in the heating mode an overall decrease in fluid temperature low head pressure in the cooling mode and high suction pressure in the heating mode.Step 1. Scale in a geothermal heat pump's fluid system results in an overall increase in fluid temperature high head pressure in the cooling mode and low suction pressure in the heating mode an overall decrease in fluid temperature low head pressure in the cooling mode and high suction pressure in the heating mode.Typical low pressure or suction side pressure for R410A is about 120 psi, varying by ambient temperature, here assuming 75°F, may vary by equipment and metering controls. 3. Typical high side pressure for R410A is < 600 psi at an ambient outdoor temperature of 95 °F, may vary by equipment. 4.R410a suction pressure may be around 120psi, and R410a head pressure may be anywhere from 225psi to 350psi. Many conditions could apply here, there’s absolutely ‘no’ set point pressure for 410a, r22, or anything else. Educate yourself on whats going on in the heat transfer process.Design conditions and head pressure. High Head pressure for a refrigeration system, including a heat pump or air conditioner can cost you more money and possibly lead to premature failure of the compressor. It can also cause a malfunction in the system that will lead to reduced capacity for cooling and heat (for a heat pump) or the …Take the suction pressure and use the pressure/temperature chart to convert it to temperature. Let’s say the suction pressure is 60(Psi) which converts to 34F. And assuming that the suction line temperature is 44F. Then to get superheat we just get the difference between the two temperature readings. In this case, we have 10F of … High suction pressure and low head pressure, Summer is the perfect time to show off your style and express yourself through fashion. Whether you’re headed to a summer wedding, brunch with friends, or a day at the beach, you w..., When a refrigeration system that produces low or no cooling has high suction pressure and high head pressure , it probably A. has an inefficient compressor B. has a low-side restriction C. is overcharged D. is undercharged. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (MindTap Course List) 8th Edition. ISBN: 9781305578296., higher head pressure and higher subcooling. When any refrigeration system is low on refrigerant it will usually have: low suction and low head pressure. What can cause high superheat in a TEV metered evaporator? ... What combination of symptoms only occurs on a unit with an inefficient compressor? Low head pressure and high suction pressure ..., R22 boiling point: -40.8 degree Celsius at atmospheric pressure (sea level or 1 ATM) R22 density: 3.66 g/cm 3, in gas form - this is a colorless gas. R22 molar mass: 86.47 g/mol. R22 gas cylinder identification: light green. R2 status: no longer in active use, replaced with R458A., The compressor is still cooling, but not to its rated capacity, which can cause refrigerated products to spoil faster and frozen products to begin to thaw. There are three main reasons why a compressor will simultaneously have a low head pressure and a high suction pressure: 1. Bad (leaky) compressor valves; 2. Worn compressor rings; and., Suction pressure high, head pressure low, superheat low, subcooling low, amp low. I don't see any superheat or subcooling I dont warranty Tinkeritus . Reply . 08-03-2012, 10:35 AM #4. michigan1. View Profile View Forum Posts View Forum Threads Professional Member Join Date Mar 2003 Location austin Posts 451 ..., When it comes to building a deck, there are many options available. One of the most popular places to shop for decking boards is at Lowes. Lowes has a wide selection of decking boa..., Fig. 3.55 illustrates this by plotting the pump discharge head vs. flow for high- and low-suction tank conditions. The control valve, however, tries to maintain a steady pressure. As a result, the flow rate varies as the suction pressure varies. In some cases, the flow rate may drop to below the recommended minimum at very low head conditions., High head pressure is typically accompanied by a low suction pressure. This combination can be indicative of restricted refrigerant. Essentially, this means that air and vaporized water travel through your HVAC’s evaporator until they get to the top of the compressor, where it remains because it will not condense., I have a suction pressure of 70, converted temp of 41, suction line temp of 51, head pressure of 250, converted temp of 117, head line temp of 96. Air entering condenser is 82 and exit is 100. Air entering evaporator is 76 and exiting is 52., I will be sharing a pressure chart that may help you troubleshoot low pressure symptoms, high pressure symptoms. As well as other potential problems you may run into when trying to get your r410a or r22 systems to normal operating pressures. ... Outside air temp 95. Running for an hour, suction 120, head pressure between 315-350. Fluctuates ..., If you own a Waterpik and are experiencing low pressure issues, don’t worry – you’re not alone. Low pressure can be frustrating, but luckily, there are several troubleshooting step..., If you own a Waterpik and are experiencing low pressure issues, don’t worry – you’re not alone. Low pressure can be frustrating, but luckily, there are several troubleshooting step..., Suction pressure occurs on the low-pressure side of the system where refrigerant is drawn into the compressor. Head pressure, or high side pressure, should not be confused with these other readings as each serves a specific purpose in maintaining an effective HVAC cycle. , 1. Reduced Cooling Capacity. 2. Reduced Airflow From the Vents. 3. Increased Energy Consumption. 4. Poor Indoor Air Quality. How to Diagnose and Fix Low Suction Pressure High Head Pressure. Step 1: Inspect the System for Leaks. Step 2: Measure the Pressure and Temperature. Step 3: Replace or Repaire Components. Add Proper Refrigerant., When it comes to building a deck, there are many options available. One of the most popular places to shop for decking boards is at Lowes. Lowes has a wide selection of decking boa..., Both fans working fine. Good air flow through evaporator and condenser. There are no leaks, and no icing. I have tried adjusting the charge to raise the low side pressure, but in doing so would also raise the high side exponentially. (i.e. Increase the suction pressure by 20 psi, and the head pressure would jump as much as 150 psi), Cause #1 Return Duct Leakage:. The suction pressure can be high if the room temp is high, or the return duct has leaks. Cause #2 TXV Improperly feeding: Cause#3 Outdoor/Indoor coil dirty: low airflow situations can cause refrigerant to not completely condense into a liquid, or turn into a gas Cause #4 Unit is Overcharged: One of the most commonly overlooked situations, if you are overcharged ..., A ratio of head pressure to suction pressure is your compression ratio. Higher compression ratios tend to lead to reduced compressor performance (moving fewer BTUs). Even though we tend to see high head pressure as the main problem to avoid, we should be aware that low head pressure is possible., r410a high/low pressures; Cookie Consent ... If it weren't for the high head pressure and the high SH and SC I'd leave it alone. THX Jim Reply . 06-07-2021, 04:45 PM #2. pecmsg. View Profile View Forum Posts View Forum Threads ... Suction Pressure: 105 lbs. Suction Line Temp: 65º F. SSH: 30º - so the evaporator does not have enough ..., Terms in this set (54) In order for a system to operate correctly, the high side of the system must have enough _____. Vapor pumped, heat removed from condenser, vapor space. If there is a lack of refrigerant in a system, each pounds of refrigerant will not completely __________. Condense on the high side. When a system is undercharged, the ..., This is a low-pressure bypass from the liquid system, as well as high back and low head pressures. What should be the 410a suction pressure? As shown in Figure 1 on the next page, the same unit will operate under the same conditions with a suction pressure of 118 psi and a discharge pressure of 400 psi with R-410A., 404a pressures in low. I have a r-404a roof-top condensing serving a walk in freezer. pressures are 235 psi head pressure and a 28psi suction pressure. Outdoor ambient is 30degress and indoor box temperature is about 20degrees. System has a head pressure control on roof for hot gas. Wondering if pressures sound right., Terms in this set (24) When a redfrigeration systems's suction line is noticeably cold instead of just being cool, it probably contains___refrigerent. low-pressure liquid. When a refrigeration systems's liquid linw is noticably hot instead of just being warm. probably contains ____ refrigerant. high-pressure vapor., r410a high/low pressures; Cookie Consent ... If it weren't for the high head pressure and the high SH and SC I'd leave it alone. THX Jim Reply . 06-07-2021, 04:45 PM #2. pecmsg. View Profile View Forum Posts View Forum Threads ... Suction Pressure: 105 lbs. Suction Line Temp: 65º F. SSH: 30º - so the evaporator does not have enough ..., Jun 11, 2021 · High head pressure is typically accompanied by a low suction pressure. This combination can be indicative of restricted refrigerant. Essentially, this means that air and vaporized water travel through your HVAC’s evaporator until they get to the top of the compressor, where it remains because it will not condense. , Head pressure: 400 lbs. Condenser air in: 140º F. I guess Condenser air out: what; about 160º F. I am guessing? LSC is: 30º F. - so the system has plenty of refrigerant in it Suction Pressure: 105 lbs. Suction Line Temp: 65º F. SSH: 30º - so the evaporator does not have enough refrigerant in it. What am I missing? PHM-----, Repeatedly tripping sentronic+. 35 psi net oil press. No press difference between crank and suction. Crankcase heater working. R-22 40 psig suction 160 psig head, 8* sh at comp. sorry no sc data. 40* outdoor ambient. Sh measurements taken at each evap outlet right around 4*. No one evap showing major flooding., Typical low pressure or suction side pressure for R410A is about 120 psi, varying by ambient temperature, here assuming 75°F, may vary by equipment and metering controls. 3. Typical high side pressure for R410A is < 600 psi at an ambient outdoor temperature of 95 °F, may vary by equipment. 4., This will result in the evaporator being starved, which will cause low suction pressure and high superheats. At the same time, subcooled liquid will be backed up in the condenser, causing higher head pressure because of no receiver in the system to hold that refrigerant. With the higher head pressure and lower evaporator pressure, the ..., An over-charged system will cause efficiency problems and can cause component damage, but the most obvious sign of an over-charge in heating mode, is that it will trip on high head pressure. Jeff Rosenblum. Technical Support. 16 Years Industry Experience. Cell (330) 962-2491., Are you confused about all the different blood pressure readings? You aren’t alone. Read this quick guide to learn more about the difference between systolic and diastolic, what no..., One of the leading causes of low suction pressure is refrigerant leakage. When refrigerant leaks occur, the system’s refrigerant charge decreases, resulting in reduced pressure levels. Leaks can occur at various points, including connections, joints, valves, or even within the coils themselves. 2. Dirty Evaporator or Condenser Coils.