Labster enzyme kinetics

Continue your exploration of enzyme kinetics with a focus on Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the steady-state assumption. Explore how enzymes speed up reactions, the role of substrate concentrations, and the importance of the Michaelis constant. Discover how to score an enzyme's catalytic efficiency using Kcat and KM. Created by Ross Firestone.

Chemical kinetics is the measurement of how quickly reactions occur. If changes in conditions affect the speed of reaction, we can learn something about how the reaction happens. Kinetic studies are important in understanding reactions, and they also have practical implications. For example, in industry, reactions are conducted in reactors in ...9/29 Enzyme Kinetics (Lab #2) Term. 1 / 18. Alcohol Dehydrogenase. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 18. An Oxidoreductase Enzyme that uses NAD (P)+ as a cofactor to catylze the reaction of an alcohol to an aldehyde. Can also use NAD (P)H as a cofactor to complete the reverse reaction of an aldehyde to an alcohol.Abstract. This chapter provides a general introduction to the kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, with a focus on drug-metabolizing enzymes. A prerequisite to understanding enzyme kinetics is having a clear grasp of the meanings of "enzyme" and "catalysis." Catalysts are reagents that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction without ...Labster's virtual biology labs give students access to a multi-million dollar lab environment, with fun learning challenges they can complete from anywhere. ... Learn how to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. 30. Min. High School. Higher Education.LabsterLearn like to getting a photometers, perform einem enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. Viewing Lab report enzyme kinetic.docx from BIO 1201L at ASA College. Titles: enzyme kinetic Author: Praopan Yodrabum Lab: Online lab by Labster for BIO 1201L-03 Begin: To investigate theStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The hypothetical elementary reaction 2A → B + C has a rate constant of 0.036 M-1 · s-1. What is the reaction velocity when the concentration of A is 1.1 mM?, If there is 10 µmol of the radioactive isotope 32P (half-life 14 days) at t = 0, how much 32P will remain at 78 days?, It is usually easier to calculate an enzyme's ...

Enzyme kinetics, past and present Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1457-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1248859. Author X Sunney Xie 1 Affiliation 1 Department of Chemistry and Chemical ...Enzymes are potent catalysts. The enormous catalytic activity of enzymes can perhaps best be expressed by a constant, k cat, that is variously referred to as the turnover rate, turnover frequency or turnover number.This constant represents the number of substrate molecules that can be converted to product by a single enzyme molecule per unit time (usually per minute or per second).View Enzyme Kinetics Lab F20 Edit.pptx from BIOL 4440 at Austin Peay State University. ENZYME KINETICS LAB Acid Phosphatase - Data Provided Alcohol Dehydrogenase - Labster Simulation MaudSpectrophotometer. A spectrometer is an instrument that provides information about the intensity of radiated energy. It determines the ratio between the intensity of light emitted from an internal source and that which passes through a given solution. This ratio can be used to determine the concentration of dissolved molecules in a sample.Labster

Enzyme kinetics is the study of enzymatic catalytic rates in biochemical reactions. This topic is commonly taught to life science students in introductory biochemistry courses during their undergraduate education. ... There are several existing educational resources for enzyme kinetics that include Labster 7, PhET 8, KScience 9, physical ...Labster Checklist Biochemistry. High Priority-ELISA -Enzyme Kinetics -Polymerase Chain Reaction. Moderate Priority. Properties of Water; Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: The sugars that feed us; Benedict's Test for Simple Carbohydrates; Benedict's Test: Which food samples contain reducing sugars? Fehling's Test: Which food samples contain ...· Enzyme kinetics* · Protein denaturation* Chris Garside: Human Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science: HMB360H1F, Neurogenomics: 3 rd year: 96 students ... Labster virtual labs that were integrated into the participating courses were included in mid term and/or final exam questions. An interesting observation, though not verified by data, was ...LabsterLabster resources. Check out all the Labster resources ensure can speed your teaching. Blog Actions Matter Studies Webinars Podcast. News Guides Research 3D Assets. ... Learn how to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, study dates and understand varying inhibition mechanisms. Measuring Lactase Enzymatic …

Omega xl order.

Labster resources. Check out all the Labster resources that can accelerate your teaching. Blog Events Case Student Webinars Podcast. News Guidances ... perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. Alpha Drift lab report 2 - Enzyme Kinetics Martee Larson , Lauren Lindsey Instructor: Samuel ...Labster resources. Select out all the Labster resources that can accelerate your teaching. Blog Events Suitcase Studies Webinars Podcast. News Guides Research 3D Assets. ... Learn how to using ampere spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms.Enzyme Kinetics Lab: Quiz 3. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Created by. liamanias. Terms in this set (58) Rate of Reaction. measure of how fast a reaction consumes reactants and generates products. rate. expressed in concentration per unit time ...Activity #1: the reaction takes more time without the enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction to happen faster. Activity #2 and #3: If the temperature is maintained but if we make changes in the pH, it can be seen that if the pH is low, the absorbency of the reaction is low. However, the pH is high, the absorbency is high. which means that the reaction is best caulked at a high pH like 7.

The maximum possible velocity (Vmax) occurs when all the enzyme molecules are bound with substrate [ES] = [E] total, thus: V max = k 2 [E] total. Substituting this into the prior expression gives: V = V max [S] / (K m + [S]) This is the mathematical expression that is used to model your experimental kinetic data. It is known as the Michaelis ...In today’s world, batteries have become an essential part of our daily lives. From powering our smartphones to running our household appliances, we rely on batteries to keep things...The overall purpose of the experiment or activity "Reaction Kinetics: The Essentials" is to present students with the basic concepts of Reaction Kinetics in chemistry. In this activity, I was introduced to different types of equipment that are usually used in laboratories when performing an experiment relating to reaction rate, energy rate ...Farhad Bostan-Ali BIOL 3810 CTW November 22, 2019 Enzyme Kinetics Lab Report Introduction: Enzymes play an important role in the human body and in the laboratory setting. Enzymes are proteins in our cells that catalyze fundamental molecules into things our cells need to live. They perform enzymatic reactions in the cell to turn substrate into a certain product.Restriction enzyme based molecular cloning is the "classic" cloning method and is still one of the most popular techniques. In principle, the plasmid assembly involves these following steps: Restriction digest: Closed circular vector plasmid and gene of interest fragment are cleaved with one or more restriction enzymes. Ligation: DNA fragments with compatible overhangs are ligated into a ...Enzyme. Enzymes, as specific proteins, act as catalysts, lowering activation energy and accelerating reactions. While not altering the reaction equilibrium, they enhance the rate …Labster resources. Check out all this Labster resources that can accelerate autochthonous teaching. ... Learn select to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibitions mechanisms. Share free summaries, lecture notes, exam ready furthermore more!!Enzyme Kinetics by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry: Allostery, Inhibition, and Dynamics. Yun Wang Guanyu Wang Nicolas Moitessier Anthony K. Mittermaier *. Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) involves accurately measuring the heat that is released or absorbed in real time when ...Labster is the most hands-on experience students can get without actually being hands-on." ... Enzyme Kinetics. Investigate Alcohol Flush Syndrome by studying Alcohol Dehydrogenase kinetics. Learn how to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. ...Investigate Alcohol Flush Syndrome by studying Alcohol Dehydrogenase kinetics. Learn how to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, a...Enzymes are large molecules, usually proteins, that bind to certain substrates and redirect them so they can react easily. As a result, the presence of enzymes speeds up reactions and biological processes. 4. Solvent in reaction ... Discover Labster's reaction kinetics Simulation, which allows students to learn about reaction kinetics through ...Labster resources. Check out all the Labster resources that can accelerate your teaching. Blog News Case Studies Webinars Podcast. Messages Guides Research 3D Assets. Ubisim. Fresh. Contact Ours. Getting Starts. Get Started. Back to simulations. Enzyme Kinetics Virtual My. Examining Alcohol Flush Syndrome by studying Alcohol Dehydrogenase ...

Chemical kinetics is the measurement of how quickly reactions occur. If changes in conditions affect the speed of reaction, we can learn something about how the reaction happens. Kinetic studies are important in understanding reactions, and they also have practical implications. For example, in industry, reactions are conducted in reactors in ...

Chapter 12: Enzyme Kinetics. What is chemical kinetics? Click the card to flip 👆. aka reaction kinetics, the study of rates of chemical reactions - enzyme kinetics is concerned with reactions catalyzed by enzymes. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 14.Enzyme kinetics is the study of factors that determine the speed of enzyme-catalysed reactions. It utilizes some mathematical equations that can be confusing to students when they first encounter them. However, the theory of kinetics is both logical and simple, and it is essential to develop an understanding of this subject in order to be …This Perspective presents a personal overview of the current status of the theory of chemical kinetics and mechanisms for complex processes. We attempt to assess the status of the field for reactions in the gas phase, at gas-solid interfaces, in liquid solutions, in enzymes, and for protein folding. Some unifying concepts such as potential energy surfaces, free energy, master equations, and ...enzyme kinetics. branch of protein biochemistry; determining rate of enzyme catalysis and how the rate changes in response to external parameters (temp, pH, etc.) osmolarity. A measure of the total solute concentration per liter of solution (salinity); can cause denaturation by disrupting hydrogen and ionic bonding.Michaelis-Menten derivation for simple steady-state kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten equation is a mathematical model that is used to analyze simple kinetic data.The model has certain assumptions, and as long as these assumptions are correct, it will accurately model your experimental data.Login to access Labster's catalog of virtual lab simulations and teaching resources designed to train the next generation of scientists.Lecture 4 - Altered Biology Part 2 - Necrosis and Apoptosis. 25 terms. graciemyree. Preview. Evolutionary Processes and Concepts. 27 terms. kennedym41. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is Enzyme Kinetics?, What are metabolic pathways?, What are anabolic pathways? and more.

Dorignac's food center reviews.

Harkins spectrum 18 tucson az showtimes.

The enzyme ADH from this case requires the co-factor Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD +, in order to function. This co-factor takes up a hydride ion (H -) from the ethanol, leading to the formation of an acetaldehyde. NAD + is reduced to NADH and thereby works as an electron acceptor (see figure 1). NAD + is derived from the vitamin niacin.the active site of the enzyme when bound, or the bound inhibitor prevents the product from detaching from the enzyme.1,6 In noncompetitive inhibition, V max is expected to be lower as the enzyme-inhibitor complex cannot react with the substrate, effectively lowering the concentration of "active" enzymes in solution. However, K mIntroduction to kinetics. Kinetics is the study of reaction rates and how they are affected. Many factors, such as concentration, pressure, temperature, and enzyme activity, can impact the rate of a reaction. For example, a molecule's kinetic energy is directly proportional to its temperature, so increasing the temperature will result in an ...Enzymes. Enzymes, which are produced by living cells, are catalysts in biochemical reactions and are usually complex or conjugated proteins. Each enzyme is specific for the substrate it acts on. The enzyme may help in breakdown, rearrangement, or synthesis reactions. Enzymes that break down their substrates are called catabolic enzymes, enzymes ...Enzyme Kinetics. Investigate Alcohol Flush Syndrome by studying Alcohol Dehydrogenase kinetics. Learn how to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. ... "Labster is cost effective, it's easy to use, and you have a better outcome. It's great when your ...Labster resources. Check out all and Labster resources ensure can accelerate your teaching. Blog Events Lawsuit Graduate Webinars Podcast. News Guides Research 3D Assets. ... Students whereby to use a fluorescent, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms.In this enzyme kinetics case, at a specific substrate concentration, a master mix, containing NAD +, N A D plus ethanol, and buffer, can be prepared. The buffer keeps the pH of the reaction mixture stable. When the enzyme is added, the reaction starts, and the enzyme is therefore not included in the master mix.his courses using Labster and assess the shift. In 2016, he essentially copied Bonde’s proce - dure, using a Labster simulation of enzyme kinetics. He had a small class of 45 students, and the test involved only a few dozen ques - tions, but Hamadani still saw improved results. On test questions that delved into higher-levelInvestigate Alcohol Flush Syndrome by studying Alcohol Dehydrogenase kinetics. Learn whereby to use adenine spectrophotometer, implement an enzyme dry experiment, analyze data and understand diverse inhibition tools. Share free summaries, lecture notes, exam prep and more!!The Michaelis-Menten equation not only quantified the kinetics of enzymatic reactions but also provided a practical means for characterizing an enzyme in terms of k cat and K M.A high k cat and a low K M, or a high k cat /K M ratio, are indicators for an enzyme's effectiveness. In 1934, Lineweaver and Burk showed how to rearrange the Michaelis-Menten equation to facilitate determination of K M ... ….

View Lab report enzyme kinetic.docx from BIO 1201L at ASA College. Titles: enzyme kinetic Author: Praopan Yodrabum Test: View lab by Labster for BIO 1201L-03 Introduction: To investigate the. ... Key Term enzyme dry labster lab report; This preview shows web 1 - 2 out of 14 pages.Chemical kinetics is the measurement of how quickly reactions occur. If changes in conditions affect the speed of reaction, we can learn something about how the reaction happens. Kinetic studies are important in understanding reactions, and they also have practical implications. For example, in industry, reactions are conducted in reactors in ...How the changes in substrate concentration (PNPP), changes in temperature, changes in pH and the presence of one hindrance (phosphate ions) effects the rate about reaction of the responses between PNPP andExample 10.2.1 10.2. 1: Turnover number of acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) may be one of the fastest enzymes. It hydrolyzes acetylcholine to choline and an acetate group. One of the earliest values of the turnover number was 3 ×107 3 × 10 7 (molecules of acetylcholine) per minute per molecule of enzyme.Michaelis-Menten kinetics. In biochemistry, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, named after Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, is the simplest case of enzyme kinetics, applied to enzyme-catalysed reactions of one substrate and one product. It takes the form of a differential equation describing the reaction rate (rate of formation of product P, with ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The hypothetical elementary reaction 2A → B + C has a rate constant of 0.036 M-1 · s-1. What is the reaction velocity when the concentration of A is 1.1 mM?, If there is 10 µmol of the radioactive isotope 32P (half-life 14 days) at t = 0, how much 32P will remain at 78 days?, It is usually easier to calculate an enzyme's ...hlh35. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is a key factor that affects the reaction rate?, Progress of reaction, Why the progress of enzymatic reactions is not linear? and more.4.2.9 Enzyme Kinetic Assays. Enzyme kinetics is the study of enzyme mechanisms through the determination of reaction rates under varied conditions. The rate of a reaction is dependent on several factors, including the concentration of the substrate and the enzyme, temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors. Labster enzyme kinetics, Examining enzyme kinetics is critical for understanding cellular systems and for using enzymes in industry. The Michaelis-Menten equation has been widely used for over a century to estimate the ..., Here, we studied the enzymatic activity of the enzyme TEM1 β-lactamase (β-lac) 2 in living HeLa cells. β-lac cleaves β-lactams by a multistep mechanism analogous to the mechanism of serine proteases ( 29, - 32 ). This enzyme is naturally limited to prokaryotes; thus any substrate cleavage in HeLa cells is expected to arise from the ..., Enzymes are complex proteins that cause a specific chemical change in all parts of the body. For example, they can help break down the foods we eat so the body can use them. Blood ..., Terms in this set (17) Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like agents that speed up chemical processes, enzymes exhibit a high degree of substrate specificity, the action of the enzyme binding to the substrate is responsible for the specificity of enzyme action and alters the substrate so that the conversion of ... , his courses using Labster and assess the shift. In 2016, he essentially copied Bonde’s proce - dure, using a Labster simulation of enzyme kinetics. He had a small class of 45 students, and the test involved only a few dozen ques - tions, but Hamadani still saw improved results. On test questions that delved into higher-level, Enzymes are biological catalysts. What aspect of a reaction do they lower, thereby increasing the reaction rate dramatically? 0.16 mL of 10 |M ethanol, 0.2 ml of 10 M NAD*, and 0.54 mL buffer. We will add 0.1 ml of 1 mg/mL ADH so that the total volume will be 1 mL. What is the substrate concentration in this master mix?, Enzymes usually increase reaction rates between 105 and 107 times. Enzymes are required in our body to perform specific metabolic reactions. Enzyme kinetics is the study of enzyme mechanisms through the determination of reaction rates under varied conditions., S6: Enzyme Kinetics Cell Molecular Biology Labster 5 Co-factor Some enzymes require "helper-molecules" for catalysis to take place. These helper-molecules are called cofactors. Cofactors are non-protein molecules that bind to the enzyme and contribute to reactions in a number of different ways. , enzyme kinetics. branch of protein biochemistry; determining rate of enzyme catalysis and how the rate changes in response to external parameters (temp, pH, etc.) osmolarity. A measure of the total solute concentration per liter of solution (salinity); can cause denaturation by disrupting hydrogen and ionic bonding., Students also viewed. Lab 1-Specific Heat - This was a lab we had to do with as the title explains, with specific heat. Enzyme Kinetics Lab MT; Acids Bases Buffer Lab MT, Labster resources. Check out all the Labster technology that can accelerate your teachings. Blog Events Case Surveys Webinars Podcast. Word Guides Research 3D Financial. ... Discover how to use a spectrophotometer, run an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and realize different inhibition mechanisms., 301 Moved Permanently. openresty, ENK Enzyme Kinetics Lab Manual - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Labster, Enzyme Kinetics by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry: Allostery, Inhibition, and Dynamics. Yun Wang Guanyu Wang Nicolas Moitessier Anthony K. Mittermaier *. Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) involves accurately measuring the heat that is released or absorbed in real time when ..., Titles: enzyme kinetic Author: Praopan Yodrabum Lab: Virtual lab by Labster for BIO 1201L-03 Introduction: To investigate the alcohol, dehydrogenase CADH). enzyme, using spectrophotometer try to determine it is kinetic parameter. This enzyme is important in the manifestation of Alcohol flush syndrome., 3.13: Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics. Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate concentrations. Additional trials with inhibitors or other molecules that affect the reaction rate may also be performed., Enzyme conjugate. Conjugation of an enzyme to an antibody involves the formation of stable, covalent linkages. Some examples of the enzymes are: horseradish peroxidase (HRP), urease and alkaline phosphatase (AP). The antibodies are either monoclonal or polyclonal. In ELISA, the enzyme conjugated antibody can be a primary or secondary antibody ..., Labster resources. Check out all the Labster resources that can accelerate your teaching. Blog Events Case Studies Webinars Podcast. News Guides Research 3D Assets. ... Learn how to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. Try for Free Try for Free., Enzyme kinetics is the study of the chemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in this way can reveal the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme, its role in metabolism, how its activity is controlled, and how a drug or an agonist ..., This Special Issue, devoted to "Application of Proteomics and Enzyme Technologies in Foods," invites high-quality research papers focusing on the proteomics or/and enzymes within the context of food. Topics of interest include the following: Proteomics for analysis and identification of food allergens; Proteomics for evaluation of food ..., Labster resources. Check out all the Labster resources that can accelerate your teaching. Blog Events Case Student Webinars Podcast. News Guidances ... perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. Alpha Drift lab report 2 - Enzyme Kinetics Martee Larson , Lauren Lindsey Instructor: Samuel ..., Enzymes are potent catalysts. The enormous catalytic activity of enzymes can perhaps best be expressed by a constant, k cat, that is variously referred to as the turnover rate, turnover frequency or turnover number.This constant represents the number of substrate molecules that can be converted to product by a single enzyme molecule per unit time (usually per minute or per second)., View Lab report enzyme kinetic.docx from BIO 1201L at ASA College. Titles: enzyme kinetic Author: Praopan Yodrabum Test: View lab by Labster for BIO 1201L-03 Introduction: To investigate the. ... Key Term enzyme dry labster lab report; This preview shows web 1 - 2 out of 14 pages., Enzyme Kinetics What values do we need to calculate to plot Michaelis Menten from BIO 1111 at Misamis University. AI Homework Help. Expert Help. Study Resources. ... Enzyme Kinetics Labster.pdf. Solutions Available. University of the East, Manila. BIO 101. 18 Rates Assessment.doc. Solutions Available. Langley High. CHEM 125. ENZYMES .docx., Share free summaries, lecture notebook, exam preview and more!!, Labster resources. Check out all the Labster resources that can accelerate your teaching. Blog Events Case Student Webinars Podcast. News Guidances ... perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibition mechanisms. Alpha Drift lab report 2 - Enzyme Kinetics Martee Larson , Lauren Lindsey Instructor: Samuel ..., Biochemistry: Enzymes and Kinetics. 47 terms. laurenpipesss. Preview. #3. 55 terms. Koolhawk4. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the function of a spectrophotometer?, Which wavelength is optimal to measure NADH?, Define the absorbance value displayed on the spectrophotometer. and more., Labster resources. Check out all this Labster resources that can accelerate autochthonous teaching. ... Learn select to use a spectrophotometer, perform an enzyme kinetics experiment, analyze data and understand different inhibitions mechanisms. Share free summaries, lecture notes, exam ready furthermore more!!, Virtual Lab Manual Enzyme Kinetics Synopsis In the Enzyme Kinetics Lab, you will learn how substrates are converted into products by catalysis. You will also learn all about the kinetics of enzyme involving the Michaelis- Menten equation and various rate constants, as well as DNA mutation and hyperactivity. You will get to run experiments using the enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase on a wild and ..., Titles: enzyme kinetic Author: Praopan Yodrabum Lab: Virtual lab by Labster for BIO 1201L-03 Introduction: To investigate the alcohol, dehydrogenase CADH). enzyme, using spectrophotometer try to determine it is kinetic parameter. This enzyme is important in the manifestation of Alcohol flush syndrome., Start studying Enzyme Kinetics Lab FC. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools., The study of enzyme kinetics has been the fundamental basis of science to understand the reaction mechanism. The most commonly studied model is the Michaelis-Menten equation; however, with the advancement in science and better understanding of the system due to technological advancement, many other kinetic models, such as biphasic, multienzyme, homotropic cooperativity, heterotrophic ..., Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms takes the reader through the experimental techniques and the logic by which the mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be elucidated by the results of steady-state kinetics and related experiments. It is meant to make these investigations both satisfying and effective. In distinction to other available descriptions, the descriptions in enzyme Kinetics and ...