Shortness of breath nursing diagnosis

Aug 10, 2020 · Breathlessness (dyspnoea) can be an extremely distressing sensation, often characterised by rapid and difficult breathing. It is associated with a range of other acute and long-term conditions, and is a key symptom of Covid-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus identified in 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) that has resulted in a global pandemic.

Shortness of breath nursing diagnosis. Introduction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition of seriously ill patients, characterized by poor oxygenation, pulmonary infiltrates, and acute onset. On a microscopic level, the disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. ARDS is an acute disorder characterized ...

Through these nursing diagnoses, an effective nursing care plan can be formulated to provide optimal and individualized nursing care. However, here are some examples to consider: Activity Intolerance related to chronic respiratory conditions (e.g., COPD) as evidenced by shortness of breath during minimal physical exertion, use of accessory ...

Dyspnea, or breathing discomfort, is a common symptom that afflicts millions of patients with pulmonary disease and may be the primary manifestation of lung disease, myocardial ischemia or dysfunction, anemia, neuromuscular disorders, obesity, or deconditioning.The evaluation of the respiratory system includes collecting subjective and objective data through a detailed interview and physical examination of the thorax and lungs. This examination can offer significant clues related to issues associated with the body’s ability to obtain adequate oxygen to perform daily functions. Inadequacy in respiratory function …Updated on April 30, 2024. By Gil Wayne BSN, R.N. In this nursing care plan and management guide, learn how to provide care for patients with with impaired balance of … Sufficient oxygenation is vital to maintain life. When prioritizing nursing interventions, we often refer to using the “ABCs,” an acronym used to signify the importance of maintaining a patient’s airway, breathing, and circulation. Several body systems work collaboratively during the oxygenation process to take in oxygen from the air, carry it through the bloodstream, and adequately ... Dyspnea: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions Dyspnea, often called shortness of breath (SOB), describes difficult or labored breathing, often with an increased respiratory rate. Shortness of breath is the feeling of running out of breath and not being able to breathe in and out deeply or quickly enough.

Shortness of breath due to pulmonary edema; Assess for factors related to the cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD): ... While nursing diagnoses serve as a framework for organizing care, their usefulness may vary in different clinical situations. In real-life clinical settings, it is important to note that the use of specific nursing diagnostic ...A client reporting shortness of breath is admitted with a diagnosis of cirrhosis. A nursing assessment reveals an enlarged abdomen with striae, an umbilical hernia, and 4+ pitting edema of the feet and legs. What is the most important data for the nurse to monitor? A. Hemoglobin B. Albumin C. Bilirubin D. TemperatureUse a current, evidence-based nursing care plan resource when creating a care plan for a patient. Table 8.3b NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses Related to Decreased Oxygenation and Dyspnea. Excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolar-capillary membrane.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung diseases that make it increasingly difficult to breathe. Learning more about what this condition involves can help y...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, preventable, and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities, usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. As with previous editions, the 2018 Global ...

Mar 11, 2023 · 2. Administer pain medications as indicated. The heart rate can be slowed by medications to treat pain in tachycardia. Morphine can lessen the workload on the heart, slowing breathing and heart rate. 3. Ask the patient to perform vagal maneuvers. Instruct the patient to cough or bear down as if having a bowel movement. ANS: A. 20. A nurse is developing nursing diagnoses for a patient. Beginning with the first step, place in order the steps the nurse will use. 1. Observes the patient having dyspnea (shortness of breath) and a diagnosis of asthma. 2. Writes a diagnostic label of impaired gas exchange. 3. Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea) Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan Dyspnea often called shortness of breath (SOB), is used to describe difficult or labored breathing often with an increased respiratory rate. Shortness of breath is not a disease but a symptom. Dyspnea can be acute or chronic depending on the causative factor. LANCASTER, Pa., April 29, 2020 /PRNewswire-PRWeb/ -- The travel nurse industry is stepping up to fill the desperate need for nurses during the COV... LANCASTER, Pa., April 29, 2020...

Wonderland murders scene.

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the priority nursing diagnosis for this patient? 1. Decreased Cardiac Output 2. Ineffective Airway Clearance 3. Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance 4. Anxiety, The health care provider's orders for this patient include all of the following. Which intervention should you complete first? 1. …Here you will find a list of NANDA nursing diagnosis for various disease conditions of the Cardiovascular System. ... decreased peripheral pulses, cyanosis, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, dyspnea, cold and clammy skin, decreased mental alertness, changes in mental status, oliguria, anuria, sluggish capillary …Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to inadequate pulmonary ventilation, secondary to asthma, as evidenced by shortness of breath, coughing, cyanosis, nasal flaring, changes in the depth of breathing, excessive use of accessory muscles, presence of respiratory noise, and tachypnea.When treating a patient with an asthma diagnosis, you can create a plan of care to minimize symptoms and reduce asthma attacks. Asthma care plan for ineffective airway clearance. Signs and symptoms of ineffective airway clearance include: Wheezing. Shortness of breath. Productive cough. Oxygen saturation of 85%.Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common heart arrhythmias. It may be abbreviated as AFib or AF. AFib causes an irregular and often rapid heart rhythm. This can lead to abnormal blood flow and the development of clots. AFib increases the risk of events such as stroke, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia or heart attack.Introduction. Dyspnea is a broad term indicating a variety of unpleasant sensations related to breathing, including air hunger (the sensation which can be elicited by prolonging a breath-hold), sense of work/effort, or of chest tightness [1, 2].Dyspnea can vary in intensity and quality depending on the underlying pathophysiological mechanism, …

Pulmonary Embolism Nursing Care Plan 3. Nursing Diagnosis: Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand as evidenced by fatigue, overwhelming lack of energy, verbalization of tiredness, generalized weakness, and shortness of breath upon exertion.It will include three sample nursing care plans with NANDA nursing diagnoses, nursing assessment, expected outcome, and nursing interventions with rationales. Bronchial Asthma Case Scenario. A 17-year old female presents to the ED with complaints of severe shortness of breath and anxiety. The patient has a past medical …Abstract. This chapter addresses the fundamental nursing in managing breathlessness. Every nurse should possess the knowledge and skills to assess patients holistically, to select and implement evidence-based strategies, to manage breathlessness, and to review the effectiveness of these to inform any necessary changes in care.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which is an accurately phrased risk diagnosis? a) Risk for Impaired Coping as evidenced by client crying. b) Risk for Falls related to altered mobility. c) Risk for Pain After Surgery. d) Risk for Fluid Volume Excess related to increased oral intake as evidenced by consuming 3 L of soda., A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed ...2. Administer pain medications as indicated. The heart rate can be slowed by medications to treat pain in tachycardia. Morphine can lessen the workload on the heart, slowing breathing and heart rate. 3. Ask the patient to perform vagal maneuvers. Instruct the patient to cough or bear down as if having a bowel movement.Patients with MI commonly present with acute and continuous chest pain, often accompanied by symptoms like shortness of breath, indigestion, nausea, and anxiety. They may exhibit cool, pale, and moist skin, along with an increased heart and respiratory rate. ... Recommended nursing diagnosis and nursing care plan books …This diagram outlines the diagnostic pathway for a patient presenting with chronic persistent breathlessness with symptoms of over 8 weeks duration. It notes that breathlessness is frequently multi-factorial without a single specific diagnosis. Anxiety, depression, low physical activity and deconditioning are commonly associated with ...2. Monitor breath and heart sounds. Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) will present with shortness of breath and may have a cough with blood-tinged sputum due to pulmonary congestion. Upon assessment, the nurse will likely hear “wet” breath sounds (crackles). An S3 gallop signifies significant heart failure. 3.

Chest pain, dizziness, cough, wheezing, lips turning blue, trouble breathing when your sleeping or lying down and swelling in your feet and ankles may all signal a bigger …

Diagnosis. Treatment. Shortness of breath is a common symptom that may come on rapidly or gradually. If you are experiencing shortness of breath, that does not …1. Monitor the vital signs. Blood pressure and pulse rate first increase with the severity of hypoxemia/hypercapnia but later fall as the impairment to gas exchange worsens. It can reveal respiratory rate and oxygen saturation alterations as gas exchange continuously impairs. 2. Impaired gas exchange is a common nursing diagnosis that refers to a patient’s inability to effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, asthma, and other respiratory illnesses. A nurse is developing nursing diagnoses for a patient. Beginning with the first step, place in order the steps the nurse will use.1. Observes the patient having dyspnea (shortness of breath) and a diagnosis of asthma.2. Writes a diagnostic label of impaired gas exchange.3. Organizes data into meaningful clusters.4. Interprets information from ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the priority nursing diagnosis for this patient? 1. Decreased Cardiac Output 2. Ineffective Airway Clearance 3. Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance 4. Anxiety, The health care provider's orders for this patient include all of the following. Which intervention should you complete first? 1. Send an arterial blood gas sample to ...The common symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. COPD can also cause fatigue, weight loss, and difficulty sleeping. Diagnosis of COPD. ... To address these nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions such as providing education, administering medications, implementing fall …Apr 30, 2024 · 8 Lung Cancer Nursing Care Plans. Updated on April 30, 2024. By Matt Vera BSN, R.N. Utilize this comprehensive nursing care plan and management guide to deliver effective care for patients with lung cancer. Gain valuable insights on nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnoses specifically tailored for lung cancer in this guide. The evaluation of the respiratory system includes collecting subjective and objective data through a detailed interview and physical examination of the thorax and lungs. This examination can offer significant clues related to issues associated with the body’s ability to obtain adequate oxygen to perform daily functions. Inadequacy in respiratory function …Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to inadequate pulmonary ventilation, secondary to asthma, as evidenced by shortness of breath, coughing, cyanosis, nasal flaring, changes in the depth of breathing, excessive use of accessory muscles, presence of respiratory noise, and tachypnea.Two most important causes of breathlessness on exertion are associated with cardiac disease and respiratory disease but sometimes breathlessness may also be related to other causes as given in box 1. 2. Orthopnoea. This is where patients describe an unpleasant or uncomfortable feeling when they try to lay flat or the necessity to sit upright or ...

Bromphe.

76937 cpt code description.

Heart failure is a common and complex clinical syndrome that results from any functional or structural heart disorder, impairing ventricular filling or ejection of blood to the systemic circulation to meet the body's needs. Heart failure can be caused by several different diseases. Most patients with heart failure have symptoms due to impaired left ventricular myocardial function. Patients ...Among adults without reported COPD, the 3 respiratory symptoms indicating COPD (chronic cough, phlegm or mucus production, shortness of breath) were …Shortness of breath can result in a resident triggering Quality Measures for decline in activities. The decline in activity may lead to pressure ulcers, falls, depression, anxiety, or other adverse events—all of which could impact quality outcomes and be reflected in the Quality Measures. Adequately assessing the root-cause of the shortness ...1. Frequently assess the patient’s lung sounds and respirations. Adventitious lung sounds are expected with emphysema. Monitor for rhonchi or crackles that signal an infection, such as pneumonia. Monitor for changes in respiratory patterns for impending respiratory distress. 2. Assess oxygen saturation.Abnormalities of breathing. ( R06) R06.02 is a billable diagnosis code used to specify a medical diagnosis of shortness of breath. The code is valid during the current fiscal year for the submission of HIPAA-covered transactions from October 01, 2023 through September 30, 2024. According to ICD-10-CM guidelines this code should not to be used ...Skills: pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing, to be used as strategies to manage shortness of breath; heart rate, dyspnea, and oxygen saturation monitoring during exercise sessions. • Shortness of breath • Self-efficacy • Functionality • All three intervention groups improved self-efficacy for walking after treatment. •Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar edema due to elevated ventricular pressures as evidenced by shortness of breath, SpO2 level of 85%, and crackles upon auscultation. Desired Outcome: The patient will have improved …The evaluation of the respiratory system includes collecting subjective and objective data through a detailed interview and physical examination of the thorax and lungs. This examination can offer significant clues related to issues associated with the body’s ability to obtain adequate oxygen to perform daily functions. Inadequacy in respiratory function …An 81-year-old man presented with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Within a few hours after presentation, chest pain and respiratory distress developed. A chest radiograph showed bilateral pa... Which electrolyte imbalance should the nurse use as the "as evidenced by" portion for this nursing diagnostic statement?, 3. The nurse is providing care to a patient with electrolyte imbalance showing edema and shortness of breath. Which nursing diagnosis should the nurse include in the updated patient plan of care? and more. Jul 25, 2022 ... How do you pick the best nursing diagnosis?! https://youtu.be/60E7ESDiGco Free Nursing Care Plans ... ….

When symptoms are present, they often develop suddenly. 1 The most common symptoms associated with a pneumothorax are shortness of breath and chest pain. 1,4 Patients will often describe the chest pain as severe, sharp, and stabbing. 1 They may also report chest pain that radiates to the shoulder and arm. 1 If the patient has an open wound, the ... When symptoms are present, they often develop suddenly. 1 The most common symptoms associated with a pneumothorax are shortness of breath and chest pain. 1,4 Patients will often describe the chest pain as severe, sharp, and stabbing. 1 They may also report chest pain that radiates to the shoulder and arm. 1 If the patient has an open wound, the ...Chronic Shortness of Breath. Shortness of breath is defined as difficult, laboured breathing. Medical teaching, unlike nursing teaching, tends to focus on individual pathologies. however, in practice there is often some overlap between several contributory causes and sometimes the diagnosis can only be made after ongoing referral to a …Two most important causes of breathlessness on exertion are associated with cardiac disease and respiratory disease but sometimes breathlessness may also be related to other causes as given in box 1. 2. Orthopnoea. This is where patients describe an unpleasant or uncomfortable feeling when they try to lay flat or the necessity to sit upright or ...Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to bacteria-caused pleurisy as evidenced by shortness of breath and cough Desired Outcome: The patient will achieve effective breathing pattern as evidenced by respiratory rates between 12 to 20 breaths per minutes, oxygen saturation of above 96%, and verbalizes ease of breathing.CDC - Blogs - NIOSH Science Blog – Celebrating Nurses - Could there be a more fitting year to honor nurses? As 2020 comes to a close, so does our blog series celebrating the Year o...When symptoms are present, they often develop suddenly. 1 The most common symptoms associated with a pneumothorax are shortness of breath and chest pain. 1,4 Patients will often describe the chest pain as severe, sharp, and stabbing. 1 They may also report chest pain that radiates to the shoulder and arm. 1 If the patient has an open wound, the ...A cough is one of the most common medical complaints accounting for as many as 30 million clinical visits per year. Up to 40% of these complaints result in referral to a pulmonologist. A cough is an innate primitive reflex and acts as part of the body’s immune system to protect against foreign materials. Coughing is associated with a wide … Shortness of breath nursing diagnosis, Mosby’s dictionary of Medicine, nursing & Health Professions Meg Gulanick/ Judith L. Myers; Nursing Care Plans Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes/Edition 8 Betty J. …, Sufficient oxygenation is vital to maintain life. When prioritizing nursing interventions, we often refer to using the “ABCs,” an acronym used to signify the importance of maintaining a patient’s airway, breathing, and circulation. Several body systems work collaboratively during the oxygenation process to take in oxygen from the air, carry it through the bloodstream, and adequately ... , Apr 30, 2024 · The following are the nursing priorities for patients with congestive heart failure: Improve myocardial contractility and perfusion. Enhance heart’s pumping function to ensure adequate blood flow to organs through medications, monitoring vital signs, and optimizing fluid balance. Manage fluid volume. , Feb 9, 2022 · Diagnosis of Shortness of Breath Doctors and nurses will assess the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs) to see if emergency treatment is required. If this isn’t the case, a series of tests will be performed to figure out what’s causing the dyspnea. , Chapter 28: Caring for Clients with Heart Failure. When a client has increased difficulty breathing when lying flat, the nurse records that the client is demonstrating. orthopnea. dyspnea upon exertion. hyperpnea. paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Click the card to flip 👆. Orthopnea. Click the card to flip 👆., Fluid volume excess related to electrolyte imbalances, as evidenced by edema and shortness of breath This nursing diagnostic statement is accurate because the electrolyte imbalance is causing the nursing diagnosis of Fluid volume excess, which is manifested by edema and shortness of breath., The evaluation of the respiratory system includes collecting subjective and objective data through a detailed interview and physical examination of the thorax and lungs. This examination can offer significant clues related to issues associated with the body’s ability to obtain adequate oxygen to perform daily functions. Inadequacy in respiratory function …, Dyspnea, or breathing discomfort, is a common symptom that afflicts millions of patients with pulmonary disease and may be the primary manifestation of lung …, Nursing Diagnosis. Following a thorough assessment, ... This anxiety can manifest as intense physical symptoms such as racing heart, shortness of breath, and trembling, as well as intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviors, and difficulties with daily functioning. The anxiety experienced is often disproportionate to the actual threat or …, RN, BSN, PHN. Ineffective breathing pattern refers to an abnormal or inefficient way of breathing that hampers the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body. The patient may experience difficulties in taking in an adequate amount of air or exhaling fully. This can result in a decreased oxygen supply to the body’s tissues and an ..., Emphysema is an incurable lung disease that’s characterized by thinning and degradation of the air sacs called alveoli in the lungs. The damage to alveoli causes patients to have s..., 6 Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nursing Care Plans. Use this nursing care plan and management guide to help care for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Enhance your understanding of nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis, all specifically tailored to address the unique needs of individuals facing pulmonary …, Chest x-rays precede all other studies in determining the cause of the patient’s shortness of breath. 5 In many cases, chest x-rays can help guide a more accurate patient diagnosis, depending on the etiology of the shortness of breath. Ultrasonography of a lower limb may be ordered if a PE is suspected. , This may indicate ineffective airway clearance. Auscultation helps the nurse assess the flow of air through the bronchial tree and evaluate the presence of fluid or solid obstruction in the lung. There are different kinds of adventitious breath sounds, and may include the following: Decreased or absent breath sounds., Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, can be caused by various factors and can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for dyspnea ..., Gather a comprehensive patient history, focusing on respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. Inquire about the onset, duration, and progression of these symptoms. Explore relevant risk factors, including smoking history, exposure to environmental pollutants, and any pre-existing respiratory conditions., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which is an accurately phrased risk diagnosis? a) Risk for Impaired Coping as evidenced by client crying. b) Risk for Falls related to altered mobility. c) Risk for Pain After Surgery. d) Risk for Fluid Volume Excess related to increased oral intake as evidenced by consuming 3 L of soda., A nurse …, Shortness of breath treatment depends on the underlying cause and duration of symptoms. Once that is determined, you and your physician can work together to create a treatment plan. If obesity or poor health is the cause, you will need to make lifestyle changes to manage your shortness of breath. Maintaining a healthy diet and exercising ..., Mosby’s dictionary of Medicine, nursing & Health Professions Meg Gulanick/ Judith L. Myers; Nursing Care Plans Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes/Edition 8 Betty J. Ackley, Gail B. Ladwig; Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care / Edition 9 Linton; Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing/ Edition 6, Dyspnea: when a patient experiences a shortness of breath. Orthopnea: when a patient has a more challenging time breathing while lying down. Tachypnea: characterized by shallow breathing, this is when the patient takes short and fast breaths. Similarly, hyperventilation, when the patient takes deep, fast breaths, is a sign., Nursing Diagnosis. Decreased cardiac output related to blood flow obstruction as evidenced by fatigue, shortness of breath, and right heart strain. Goal/Desired Outcome. Short-term goal: The patient remains hemodynamically stable overnight with a reduction in chest pain and shortness of breath by the end of the shift., With advanced COPD, your shortness of breath can cause: Gasping for air. Struggling to breathe. Movements of your whole chest, abdominal, and/or neck muscles when you breathe. Expansion of your nostrils when you breathe. Grimacing or anxiety associated with breathing. Slow breathing., Introduction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition of seriously ill patients, characterized by poor oxygenation, pulmonary infiltrates, and acute onset. On a microscopic level, the disorder is associated with capillary endothelial injury and diffuse alveolar damage. ARDS is an acute disorder characterized ..., Dyspnea often called shortness of breath (SOB), is used to describe difficult or labored breathing often with an increased respiratory rate. Shortness of breath is not a disease but a symptom. Dyspnea can be acute or chronic depending on the causative factor. Related factors include: Shortness of breath (SOB) is the feeling of running out ... , Background Dyspnea (breathing discomfort) is a common and distressing symptom. Routine assessment and documentation can improve management and relieve suffering. A major barrier to routine dyspnea documentation is the concern that it will have a deleterious effect on nursing workflow and that it will not be readily accepted by nurses. …, Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange related to pulmonary edema as evidenced by shortness of breath, SpO2 level of 85%, productive cough, and frothy phlegm Desired Outcome: The patient will maintain optimal gas exchange as evidenced by respiratory rates between 12 to 20 breaths per minutes, oxygen saturation above 96% …, When symptoms are present, they often develop suddenly. 1 The most common symptoms associated with a pneumothorax are shortness of breath and chest pain. 1,4 Patients will often describe the chest pain as severe, sharp, and stabbing. 1 They may also report chest pain that radiates to the shoulder and arm. 1 If the patient has an open wound, the ... , NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses Definition Selected Defining Characteristics; Impaired Gas Exchange: Excess or deficit in oxygenation and/or carbon dioxide elimination at the alveolar-capillary membrane. ... Adventitious breath sounds. Abnormal skin color. Tachycardia. Restlessness. Fatigue. Edema. Weight gain. Decreased peripheral pulses., A 74 year old male presents to the ER with complaints of swelling in legs and feet, shortness of breath with any type of activity, non-radiating chest pain, increase cough, and the inability to sleep laying down at night. ... Nursing Diagnosis: Fluid volume overload related to decreased cardiac output as evidence by ejection fraction of 35% ..., A nursing diagnosis is defined as, “A clinical judgment concerning a human response to health conditions/life processes, or a vulnerability for that response, by an individual, family, group, or community.”. [6] Nursing diagnoses are customized to each patient and drive the development of the nursing care plan., Mar 17, 2022 · Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar edema due to elevated ventricular pressures as evidenced by shortness of breath, SpO2 level of 85%, and crackles upon auscultation. Desired Outcome: The patient will have improved oxygenation and will not show any signs of respiratory distress. , Nursing Care Plan and Management. Nursing care management for chest pain involves prompt assessment, effective pain management, and close monitoring of vital signs to ensure timely intervention and promote patient well-being. In this section, we’ll dive into the nursing care management for patients with angina pectoris (chest pain)., Mosby’s dictionary of Medicine, nursing & Health Professions Meg Gulanick/ Judith L. Myers; Nursing Care Plans Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes/Edition 8 Betty J. …